Nitrogen Dioxide (NO) and Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

From: Health Problems Caused By Other Combustion Products
(Stoves, Space Heaters, Furnaces, Fireplaces)
Co-sponsored by: The American Lung Association (ALA),
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),
The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), and
The American Medical Association (AMA)
U.S. Gov't Printing Office Publication No. 1994-523-217/81322 1994

Nitrogen dioxide (NO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) act mainly as irritants, affecting the mucosa of the eyes, nose, throat, and respiratory tract. Acute S0₂-related bronchial constriction may also occur in people with asthma or as a hypersensitivity reaction. Extremely high-dose exposure (as in a building fire) to N0₂ may result in pulmonary edema and diffuse lung injury. Continued exposure to high N0₂ levels can contribute to the development of acute or chronic bronchitis.

The relatively low water solubility of N0₂ results in minimal mucous membrane irritation of the upper airway. The principal site of toxicity is the lower respiratory tract. Recent studies indicate that low-level N0₂ exposure may cause increased bronchial reactivity in some asthmatics, decreased lung function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and an increased risk of respiratory infections, especially in young children.

The high water solubility of S0₂ causes it to be extremely irritating to the eyes and upper respiratory tract. Concentrations above six parts per million produce mucous membrane irritation. Epidemiologic studies indicate that chronic exposure to S0₂ is associated with increased respiratory symptoms and decrements in pulmonary function²¹. Clinical studies have found that some asthmatics respond with bronchoconstriction to even brief exposure to S0₂ levels as low as 0.4 parts per million²².

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